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The information and materials made available on this website have been prepared by Carina Hopen, MD for general informational purposes only and should not be construed as medical advice on any subject matter, or to answer specific medical problems you may have. No recipients of content from this site should act or refrain from acting on the basis of any content included in the site without seeking the appropriate medical or other professional advice on the particular facts and circumstances at issue from a doctor licensed in the recipient’s state. The content of this website contains general information and may not reflect current medical developments. Carina Hopen, MD expressly disclaims all liability in respect to actions taken or not taken based on any or all the contents of this website.